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Recommended Citation

Full Report
USGCRP, 2023: Fifth National Climate Assessment. Crimmins, A.R., C.W. Avery, D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock, Eds. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA. https://doi.org/10.7930/NCA5.2023

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Front Matter
Avery, C.W., A.R. Crimmins, S. Basile, A.M. Grade, and A.A. Scheetz, 2023: Front matter. In: Fifth National Climate Assessment. Crimmins, A.R., C.W. Avery, D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock, Eds. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA. https://doi.org/10.7930/NCA5.2023.FM

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Allison R. Crimmins, Chair, US Global Change Research Program

Margaret Walsh, US Department of Agriculture

Daniel Barrie, US Department of Commerce

Kurt Preston, US Department of Defense

Tristram O. West, US Department of Energy

Daniel Dodgen, US Department of Health and Human Services

Merissa Zuzulock, US Department of Homeland Security (from June 2023)

Paul Wagner, US Department of the Interior

Sierra Woodruff, US Department of State

Rebecca Beavers, US Department of Transportation (from May 2023)

April Marchese, US Department of Transportation (through May 2023)

Darrell A. Winner, US Environmental Protection Agency

Kathy A. Hibbard, National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Maria Uhle, National Science Foundation (from July 2022)

Jennifer Carroll, National Science Foundation (through July 2022)

Rebecca N. Johnson, Smithsonian Institution

Emily Weeks, US Agency for International Development

Wayne Higgins, Chair, US Department of Commerce

J. Michael Kuperberg, Executive Director, US Global Change Research Program

William Hohenstein, US Department of Agriculture

Ben DeAngelo, US Department of Commerce

Ben Petro, US Department of Defense

Gary Geernaert, US Department of Energy

John Balbus, US Department of Health and Human Services

David Bascom, US Department of Homeland Security

Geoff Plumlee, US Department of the Interior

Trigg Talley, US Department of State

Gretchen Goldman, US Department of Transportation (from May 2023)

April Marchese, US Department of Transportation (through May 2023)

Rebecca S. Dodder, US Environmental Protection Agency (from January 2023)

Andy Miller, US Environmental Protection Agency (through January 2023)

Jack Kaye, National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Maria Uhle, National Science Foundation

Kirk Johnson, Smithsonian Institution

Noel P. Gurwick, US Agency for International Development

NCA Leadership

Allison R. Crimmins, NCA Director

Christopher W. Avery, NCA Chief of Staff

J. Michael Kuperberg, Acting NCA Director (through June 2021)

Chapter Points of Contact

Samantha Basile, Lead Carbon Cycle Specialist

David J. Dokken, Senior International Assessment Lead

Leo Goldsmith, Climate and Health Specialist

Aaron M. Grade, NCA Staff Scientist

Joshua Hernandez, NCA Staff Specialist

Katia Kontar, International Global Change Science Lead

Yishen Li, Water Cycle Science Coordinator

Fredric Lipschultz, Senior Staff Scientist

Allyza R. Lustig, Senior NCA Staff Manager

Austin A. Scheetz, Social Sciences Specialist

Reid A. Sherman, Climate Adaptation Lead

Susan C. Aragon-Long, Senior Science Coordinator / USGS Liaison to USGCRP (through January 2022)

Drew Story, Global Change Science Lead (through July 2022)

Communications

Bradley Akamine, Chief Digital Information Officer

Laurie Howell, Engagement and Communications Lead

Alexa K. Jay, Senior Science Writer

Stephanie Lopez, Communications Specialist

Katie Reeves, Engagement and Communications Lead (through April 2023)

Charles A. Brodine, Engagement and Communications Specialist (through August 2022)

Operations and Special Projects

Ciara R. Lemery, Senior Editorial Specialist and Figure Coordinator

Sarah Abdelrahim, USGCRP Deputy Director (through March 2023)

Julie Morris, Associate Director

Nico Adams, Chief of Operations

Mathia Biggs, Operations Coordinator Lead

Alex Da Silva, Climate Change & Sustinability Analyst, ICF

D'Arcy Carlson, Climate Change & Sustainability Analyst, ICF

Alida Monaco, Climate Change & Sustainability Analyst, ICF

Emma Conrad-Rooney, Intern (through April 2023)

Peter Schultz, Vice President, ICF

Jamie Genevie, Senior Associate, ICF

Sonia Aronson, Climate Change & Sustainability Analyst, ICF (through June 2023)

Matt Greico, Climate Resilience Specialist, ICF (through October 2022)

Lynn Socha, Climate Change & Sustainability Analyst, ICF (through July 2022)

Nicole Rucker, Knauss Marine Policy Fellow (through January 2022)

Global Change Information System

Amrutha Elamparuthy, GCIS Lead

Zachary G. Landes, Software Developer

Reuben Aniekwu, Senior Climate Research Specialist

Shamel Wilson, Data Management Intern (from October 2022)

Chapter 1: Overview

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Allison R. Crimmins, US Global Change Research Program
Chapter Lead: Alexa K. Jay, US Global Change Research Program / ICF
Chapter Authors: Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Travis A. Dahl, US Army Corps of Engineers; Rebecca S. Dodder, US Environmental Protection Agency; Benjamin D. Hamlington, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Allyza R. Lustig, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Kate Marvel, Project Drawdown; Pablo A. Méndez-Lazaro, University of Puerto Rico; Mark S. Osler, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Adam Terando, US Geological Survey; Emily Weeks, US Agency for International Development; Ariela Zycherman, NOAA Climate Program Office
Review Editor: Emily K. Laidlaw, Laidlaw Scientific
USGCRP Coordinators: Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 2: Climate Trends

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Wenying Su, NASA Langley Research Center
Chapter Lead: Kate Marvel, Project Drawdown
Agency Chapter Lead: Roberto Delgado, National Science Foundation
Chapter Authors: Sarah Aarons, University of California San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Abhishek Chatterjee, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; Margaret E. Garcia, Arizona State University; Zeke Hausfather, Stripe Inc.; Katharine Hayhoe, Texas Tech University; Deanna A. Hence, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign; Elizabeth B. Jewett, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Alexander Robel, Georgia Institute of Technology; Deepti Singh, Washington State University Vancouver; Aradhna Tripati, University of California, Los Angeles; Russell S. Vose, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
Review Editor: Caroline P. Normile, Bipartisan Policy Center
USGCRP Coordinators: David J. Dokken, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Fredric Lipschultz, US Global Change Research Program / USRA

Chapter 3: Earth Systems Processes

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Adam Terando, US Geological Survey
Chapter Lead: L. Ruby Leung, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Agency Chapter Leads: Renu Joseph, US Department of Energy; George Tselioudis, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
Chapter Authors: Lori M. Bruhwiler, NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory; Benjamin Cook, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies; Clara Deser, National Center for Atmospheric Research; Alex Hall, University of California, Los Angeles; Benjamin D. Hamlington, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Andrew Hoell, NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory; Forrest M. Hoffman, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Stephen Klein, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Vaishali Naik, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory; Angeline G. Pendergrass, Cornell University; Claudia Tebaldi, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Paul A. Ullrich, University of California, Davis; Michael F. Wehner, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Technical Contributors: Flavio Lehner, Cornell University; Adam S. Phillips, National Center for Atmospheric Research
Review Editor: Gavin Schmidt, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
USGCRP Coordinators: David J. Dokken, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 4: Water

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Ariane O. Pinson, US Army Corps of Engineers
Chapter Lead: Elizabeth A. Payton, University of Colorado Boulder, Western Water Assessment
Chapter Authors: Tirusew Asefa, Tampa Bay Water; Laura E. Condon, University of Arizona; Lesley-Ann L. Dupigny-Giroux, University of Vermont; Benjamin L. Harding, Lynker; Julie Kiang, US Geological Survey; Deborah H. Lee, NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory; Stephanie A. McAfee, University of Nevada, Reno; Justin Pflug, University of Maryland, College Park, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center; Imtiaz Rangwala, University of Colorado Boulder, North Central Climate Adaptation Science Center; Heather J. Tanana, University of Utah, S.J. Quinney College of Law; Daniel B. Wright, University of Wisconsin–Madison
Technical Contributors: Frances V. Davenport, Colorado State University; Andrea L. Taylor, Indian Health Service
Review Editor: Beth M. Haley, Boston University, School of Public Health
USGCRP Coordinators: Katia Kontar, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Yishen Li, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Allyza R. Lustig, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Drew Story, US Global Change Research Program / ICF (through July 2022)

Chapter 5: Energy Supply, Delivery, and Demand

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Craig D. Zamuda, US Department of Energy
Chapter Lead: Craig D. Zamuda, US Department of Energy
Chapter Authors: Daniel E. Bilello, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Jon Carmack, US Department of Energy; Xujing Jia Davis, US Department of Energy; Rebecca A. Efroymson, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Kenneth M. Goff, Idaho National Laboratory; Tianzhen Hong, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Anhar Karimjee, US Department of Energy; Daniel H. Loughlin, US Environmental Protection Agency; Sara Upchurch, Federal Emergency Management Agency; Nathalie Voisin, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Technical Contributors: Laura West Fischer, Electric Power Research Institute; Zarrar Khan, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Review Editor: Ariel Miara, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
USGCRP Coordinators: Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Joshua Hernandez, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 6: Land Cover and Land-Use Change

Federal Coordinating Lead Authors: Bradley C. Reed, US Geological Survey; George Z. Xian, US Geological Survey
Chapter Lead: Peter E. Thornton, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Chapter Authors: Louise Chini, University of Maryland; Amy E. East, US Geological Survey; John L. Field, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Coeli M. Hoover, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station; Benjamin Poulter, National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Sasha C. Reed, US Geological Survey; Guiling Wang, University of Connecticut; Zhe Zhu, University of Connecticut
Technical Contributor: Joel Neimeyer, Neimeyer Consulting
Review Editor: Sara Bushey Ohrel, US Environmental Protection Agency
USGCRP Coordinators: Samantha Basile, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Aaron M. Grade, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Reid A. Sherman, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 7: Forests

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Christopher J. Fettig, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station
Chapter Lead: Grant M. Domke, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station
Agency Chapter Lead: Anne S. Marsh, USDA Forest Service, Washington Office
Chapter Authors: Michelle Baumflek, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station; William A. Gould, USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry; Jessica E. Halofsky, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station; Linda A. Joyce, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; Stephen D. LeDuc, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development; David H. Levinson, USDA Forest Service, National Stream and Aquatic Ecology Center; Jeremy S. Littell, US Geological Survey, Alaska Climate Adaptation Science Center; Chelcy F. Miniat, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; Miranda H. Mockrin, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station; David L. Peterson, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station; Jeffrey Prestemon, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station; Benjamin M. Sleeter, US Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center; Chris Swanston, USDA Forest Service, Washington Office
Technical Contributors: Ning Liu, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station; D. Max Smith, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; Brian F. Walters, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station
Review Editor: Brooke Eastman, West Virginia University, Department of Biology
USGCRP Coordinators: Samantha Basile, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Aaron M. Grade, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Joshua Hernandez, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 8: Ecosystems, Ecosystem Services, and Biodiversity

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Shawn L. Carter, US Geological Survey, National Climate Adaptation Science Center
Chapter Lead: Pamela D. McElwee, Rutgers University
Agency Chapter Leads: Kimberly J. W. Hyde, NOAA Fisheries, Northeast Fisheries Science Center; Jordan M. West, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development
Chapter Authors: Kofi Akamani, Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Amanda L. Babson, US National Park Service; Gillian Bowser, Colorado State University; John B. Bradford, US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center; Jennifer K. Costanza, USDA Forest Service; Theresa M. Crimmins, University of Arizona, USA National Phenology Network; Sarah C. Goslee, USDA Agricultural Research Service; Stephen K. Hamilton, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies; Brian Helmuth, Northeastern University; Serra Hoagland, USDA Forest Service; Fushcia-Ann E. Hoover, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Mary E. Hunsicker, NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center; Roxolana Kashuba, US Environmental Protection Agency; Seth A. Moore, Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa; Roldan C. Muñoz, NOAA Fisheries, Southeast Fisheries Science Center; Gyami Shrestha, Lynker; Maria Uriarte, Columbia University; Jennifer L. Wilkening, US Fish and Wildlife Service
Technical Contributors: Nazia N. Arbab, Rutgers University; Danielle Cholewiak, NOAA Fisheries, Northeast Fisheries Science Center; Pranay Kumar, Rutgers University; Victor O. Leshyk, Northern Arizona University; Katherine C. Malpeli, US Geological Survey, National Climate Adaptation Science Center; Richard S. Ostfeld, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies; GraceAnne K. Piselli, Northeastern University; José R. Ramírez-Garofalo, Rutgers University; Edward A.G Schuur, Northern Arizona University; Jacquelyn Veatch, Rutgers University; Sarah Whipple, Colorado State University; Sauvanithi Yupho, Rutgers University, Department of Geography
Review Editor: Abigail York, Arizona State University
USGCRP Coordinators: Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Samantha Basile, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Aaron M. Grade, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 9: Coastal Effects

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Mark S. Osler, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Chapter Lead: Christine L. May, Pathways Climate Institute
Agency Chapter Lead: Hilary F. Stockdon, US Geological Survey
Chapter Authors: Patrick L. Barnard, US Geological Survey; John A. Callahan, NOAA Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services; Renee C. Collini, The Water Institute of the Gulf; Celso M. Ferreira, George Mason University; Juliette Finzi Hart, Pathways Climate Institute; Erika E. Lentz, US Geological Survey; Tucker B. Mahoney, Independent Coastal Engineer; William Sweet, NOAA National Ocean Service; Dan Walker, EA Engineering, Science, and Technology Inc.; Christopher P. Weaver, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development
Technical Contributors: Jamie Carter, NOAA National Ocean Service; Patrick S. O'Brien, US Army Corps of Engineers; Brittney W. Parker, NOAA National Ocean Service; Daisy R. Ramirez Lopez, Pathways Climate Institute
Review Editor: Hannah Baranes, Gulf of Maine Research Institute
USGCRP Coordinators: Fredric Lipschultz, US Global Change Research Program / USRA; Austin A. Scheetz, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 10: Ocean Ecosystems and Marine Resources

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Emily B. Osborne, NOAA Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
Chapter Lead: Katherine E. Mills, Gulf of Maine Research Institute
Chapter Authors: Richard J. Bell, The Nature Conservancy; Charles S. Colgan, Middlebury Institute of International Studies, Center for the Blue Economy; Sarah R. Cooley, Ocean Conservancy; Miriam C. Goldstein, Center for American Progress (through February 2023); Roger B. Griffis, NOAA Fisheries; Kirstin K. Holsman, NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center; Michael G. Jacox, NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center and NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory; Fiorenza Micheli, Stanford University
Review Editor: Andrew A. Rosenberg, University of New Hampshire
USGCRP Coordinators: Fredric Lipschultz, US Global Change Research Program / USRA; Drew Story, US Global Change Research Program / ICF (through July 2022)

Chapter 11: Agriculture, Food Systems, and Rural Communities

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Rob Mitchell, USDA Agricultural Research Service
Chapter Lead: Carl H. Bolster, USDA Agricultural Research Service
Agency Chapter Lead: Andrew Kitts, NOAA Fisheries, Office of Science and Technology
Chapter Authors: Amber Campbell, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture; Michael Cosh, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory; Tracey L. Farrigan, USDA Economic Research Service; Alan J. Franzluebbers, USDA Agricultural Research Service; David L. Hoover, USDA Agricultural Research Service; Virginia L. Jin, USDA Agricultural Research Service; Dannele E. Peck, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Northern Plains Climate Hub; Marty R. Schmer, USDA Agricultural Research Service; Michael D. Smith, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Review Editor: Omanjana Goswami, Union of Concerned Scientists
USGCRP Coordinators: Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Samantha Basile, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 12: Built Environment, Urban Systems, and Cities

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Meridith M. Fry, US Environmental Protection Agency
Chapter Lead: Eric K. Chu, University of California, Davis
Chapter Authors: Jayajit Chakraborty, University of Texas at El Paso; So-Min Cheong, Texas A&M University; Christopher Clavin, National Institute of Standards and Technology (until October 2022); Makena Coffman, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Department of Urban and Regional Planning; David M. Hondula, City of Phoenix, Arizona; David Hsu, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Viniece L. Jennings, Agnes Scott College; Jesse M. Keenan, Tulane University; Ann Kosmal, US General Services Administration; Tischa A. Muñoz-Erickson, USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry; Na’Taki Osborne Jelks, Spelman College
Technical Contributors: Kristin Baja, Urban Sustainability Directors Network; Michele Barbato, University of California, Davis; Joyce Coffee, Climate Resilience Consulting; Juan F. Fung, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Adrienne I. Greve, California Polytechnic State University; Kevin R. Gurney, Northern Arizona University; Mathew Hauer, Florida State University; Joe Krolak, US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration; Victoria L. Ludwig, US Environmental Protection Agency; A. Marissa Matsler, US Environmental Protection Agency, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education; Sara Meerow, Arizona State University; Chandana Mitra, Auburn University; Kimberly L. Mueller, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Christopher J. Narducci, ICF; Daniel S. Sharar-Salgado, US Department of Transportation; Hua Shi, US Geological Survey, Earth Resources Observation and Science Center/ASRC Federal Data Solutions; Yating Zhang, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Review Editor: Austin N. Glass, University of Michigan
USGCRP Coordinators: Aaron M. Grade, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Allyza R. Lustig, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 13: Transportation

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Robert Kafalenos, US Department of Transportation
Chapter Lead: Cris B. Liban, Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority
Chapter Authors: Lilian Alessa, University of Idaho; Susan Anenberg, George Washington University; Mikhail Chester, Arizona State University; Joshua DeFlorio, Port Authority of New York & New Jersey; Francisco J. Dóñez, US Environmental Protection Agency; Aimee Flannery, Jacobs; Michael R. Sanio, Institute for Sustainable Infrastructure; Beverly A. Scott, Introducing Youth to American Infrastructure Inc.; Anne Marie K. Stoner, Earth Knowledge Inc.
Technical Contributors: Jack Clark, International Transporation Learning Center; Kristina A. Dahl, Union of Concerned Scientists; Alissa Kendall, University of California, Davis; Samuel A. Markolf, University of California, Merced; Katelyn O'Dell, George Washington University, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health; Steven Olmsted, Arizona Department of Transportation; Laurel Paget-Seekins, Open Society Foundations, Leadership in Government Fellowship; Karen E. Philbrick, Mineta Transportation Institute; Tara L. Ramani, Texas A&M Transportation Institute; Manjit K. Sooch, Alameda–Contra Costa Transit District; Benjamin S. Underwood, North Carolina State University; Madison A. Walker, Arizona State University
Review Editor: John R. Posey, East–West Gateway Council of Governments
USGCRP Coordinators: Joshua Hernandez, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 14: Air Quality

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Christopher G. Nolte, US Environmental Protection Agency
Chapter Lead: J. Jason West, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapter Authors: Michelle L. Bell, Yale University; Arlene M. Fiore, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; Panos G. Georgopoulos, Rutgers University; Jeremy J. Hess, University of Washington; Loretta J. Mickley, Harvard University; Susan M. O'Neill, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station; Jeffrey R. Pierce, Colorado State University; Robert W. Pinder, US Environmental Protection Agency; Sally Pusede, University of Virginia; Drew T. Shindell, Duke University; Sacoby M. Wilson, University of Maryland
Technical Contributors: William R. L. Anderegg, University of Utah; Bhargavi Chekuri, University of Colorado School of Medicine; Nina Gabrielle G. Domingo, Yale University; Isabella M. Dressel, University of Virginia; Stuart Illson, University of Washington; Jean-Francois Lamarque, National Center for Atmospheric Research; Yuhao Pan, unaffiliated; Robbie M. Parks, Columbia University; Muye Ru, Morgan Stanley; Cascade Tuholske, Montana State University
Review Editor: Neal Fann, US Environmental Protection Agency
USGCRP Coordinators: Leo Goldsmith, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Allyza R. Lustig, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 15: Human Health

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Paul J. Schramm, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Chapter Lead: Mary H. Hayden, University of Colorado, Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience
Chapter Authors: Charles B. Beard, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases; Jesse E. Bell, University of Nebraska Medical Center; Aaron S. Bernstein, Boston Children's Hospital; Ashley Bieniek-Tobasco, Occupational Safety and Health Administration; Nikki Cooley, Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals, Tribes & Climate Change Program; Maria Diuk-Wasser, Columbia University; Michael K. Dorsey, Club of Rome; Kristie Ebi, University of Washington; Kacey C. Ernst, University of Arizona; Morgan E. Gorris, Los Alamos National Laboratory; Peter D. Howe, Utah State University; Ali S. Khan, University of Nebraska Medical Center; Clarita Lefthand-Begay, Navajo Nation and University of Washington; Julie Maldonado, Livelihoods Knowledge Exchange Network; Shubhayu Saha, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Fatemeh Shafiei, Spelman College; Ambarish Vaidyanathan, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Olga V. Wilhelmi, National Center for Atmospheric Research
Technical Contributors: Rebecca L. Achey, University of Colorado; Bhargavi Chekuri, University of Colorado School of Medicine; Christopher T. Emrich, University of Central Florida; Melanie Gall, Arizona State University; Leo Goldsmith, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Caitlin A. Gould, US Environmental Protection Agency; Penelope Stein, Harvard Law School Project on Disability; Michael Stein, Harvard Law School Project on Disability
Review Editor: Caroline Anitha Devadason, Harvard University
USGCRP Coordinators: Rebecca L. Achey, University of Colorado; Leo Goldsmith, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Allyza R. Lustig, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 16: Tribes and Indigenous Peoples

Federal Coordinating Lead Authors: Rachael Novak, Diné/Navajo Nation, formerly Bureau of Indian Affairs (through August 2023); Matthew B. Laramie, Colville Confederated Tribes (Sinixt) and Bureau of Indian Affairs
Chapter Lead: Kyle Whyte, Citizen Potawatomi Nation and University of Michigan
Chapter Authors: Nicholas G. Bruscato, US Department of the Interior; Dominique M. David-Chavez, Taíno (Borikén) and Colorado State University; Michael J. Dockry, Citizen Potawatomi Nation and University of Minnesota; Michael Kotutwa Johnson, Hopi Tribe and University of Arizona; Chas E. Jones Jr., Affiliated Tribes of Northwest Indians; Kelsey Leonard, Shinnecock Nation and University of Waterloo
Review Editor: James Rattling Leaf, Rosebud Sioux Tribe and North Central Climate Adaptation Science Center
USGCRP Coordinators: Joshua Hernandez, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Allyza R. Lustig, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 17: Climate Effects on US International Interests

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Farhan H. Akhtar, US Department of State
Chapter Lead: Molly E. Hellmuth, Winrock International
Chapter Authors: Andrea H. Cameron, US Department of Defense; Caitlin A. Corner-Dolloff, US Agency for International Development; Geoffrey D. Dabelko, Ohio University; Tufa Dinku, Columbia University, International Research Institute for Climate and Society; Jay L. Koh, Lightsmith Group; Douglas Mason, Millennium Challenge Corporation; Roger S. Pulwarty, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Lawrence I. Sperling, US Department of the Interior; Maria Fernanda Zermoglio, US Agency for International Development
Technical Contributors: Trinetta Chong, University of California, Berkeley, Global Policy Lab; Jake Connolly, Climate Policy Initiative; Margaret Poulos, Duke University; Elizabeth Pruitt, Florida State University
Review Editor: Quentin A. Stubbs, NOAA National Ocean Service
USGCRP Coordinators: Katia Kontar, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Fredric Lipschultz, US Global Change Research Program / USRA

Chapter 18: Sector Interactions, Multiple Stressors, and Complex Systems

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Robert Vallario, US Department of Energy
Chapter Lead: Katharine J. Mach, University of Miami
Chapter Authors: Jeffrey R. Arnold, MITRE Corporation; Christa Brelsford, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Katherine V. Calvin, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (through January 2022); Alejandro N. Flores, Boise State University; Jing Gao, University of Delaware; Kripa Jagannathan, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; David Judi, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Carlos E. Martín, Brookings Institution; Frances C. Moore, University of California, Davis (through August 2022); Richard Moss, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Joint Global Change Research Institute (through April 2023); Earthea Nance, Texas Southern University (through December 2021); Brenda Rashleigh, US Environmental Protection Agency; Patrick M. Reed, Cornell University; Linda Shi, Cornell University; Lynée L. Turek-Hankins, University of Miami
Review Editor: David L. McCollum, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
USGCRP Coordinators: Samantha Basile, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Fredric Lipschultz, US Global Change Research Program / USRA

Chapter 19: Economics

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Jeremy Martinich, US Environmental Protection Agency
Chapter Leads: Solomon Hsiang, University of California, Berkeley (through April 2023); Simon Greenhill, University of California, Berkeley (from April 2023)
Agency Chapter Leads: Monica Grasso, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Rudy M. Schuster, US Geological Survey
Chapter Authors: Lint Barrage, ETH Zurich; Delavane B. Diaz, Electric Power Research Institute; Harrison Hong, Columbia University; Carolyn Kousky, Environmental Defense Fund; Toan Phan, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond; Marcus C. Sarofim, US Environmental Protection Agency; Wolfram Schlenker, Columbia University; Benjamin Simon, George Washington University; Stacy E. Sneeringer, US Department of Treasury
Technical Contributors: Daniel Allen, University of California, Berkeley; Clare Balboni, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Ian W. Bolliger, BlackRock; Judson Boomhower, University of California, San Diego; Hannah Druckenmiller, California Institute of Technology; Teevrat Garg, University of California, San Diego; Miyuki Hino, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Taylor Kee, University of California, Berkeley; Ishan Nath, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco; Kimberly L. Oremus, University of Delaware, School of Marine Science and Policy; R. Jisung Park, University of Pennsylvania, School of Social Policy and Practice; Jonathan Proctor, Harvard University; Will Rafey, University of California, Los Angeles
Review Editor: Emily Wimberger, Hua Nani Partners
USGCRP Coordinators: Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Austin A. Scheetz, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 20: Social Systems and Justice

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Keely Maxwell, US Environmental Protection Agency
Chapter Lead: Elizabeth K. Marino, Oregon State University–Cascades
Agency Chapter Leads: Emily Eisenhauer, US Environmental Protection Agency; Ariela Zycherman, NOAA Climate Program Office
Chapter Authors: Candis Callison, University of British Columbia; Elizabeth Fussell, Brown University; Marccus D. Hendricks, University of Maryland, College Park (through January 2023); Fayola H. Jacobs, University of Minnesota; Alessandra Jerolleman, Jacksonville State University; Andrew K. Jorgenson, University of British Columbia; Ezra M. Markowitz, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Sandra T. Marquart-Pyatt, Michigan State University; Melissa Schutten, Puget Sound Partnership; Rachael L. Shwom, Rutgers University; Kyle Whyte, Citizen Potawatomi Nation and University of Michigan
Review Editor: Benjamin P. Warner, University of New Mexico
USGCRP Coordinators: Allyza R. Lustig, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Austin A. Scheetz, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 21: Northeast

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Ellen L. Mecray, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
Chapter Lead: Jessica C. Whitehead, Old Dominion University, Institute for Coastal Adaptation and Resilience
Chapter Authors: Erin D. Lane, USDA Forest Service, Northeast Climate Hub; Lisa Kerr, Gulf of Maine Research Institute; Melissa L. Finucane, Union of Concerned Scientists; David R. Reidmiller, Gulf of Maine Research Institute; Mark C. Bove, Munich Reinsurance America Inc.; Franco A. Montalto, Drexel University, Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering; Shaun O'Rourke, Quantified Ventures; Daniel A. Zarrilli, Columbia University; Paulinus Chigbu, University of Maryland Eastern Shore; Casey C. Thornbrugh, United South and Eastern Tribes Inc., Northeast and Southeast Climate Adaptation Science Centers; Enrique N. Curchitser, Rutgers University; James G. Hunter, Morgan State University; Kevin Law, Marshall University
Technical Contributors: Jay Bhatt, Drexel University; Carlos Calvo-Hernandez, RAND Corporation; Adam A. Kemberling, Gulf of Maine Research Institute; Zhaoxiong Li, Drexel University
Review Editor: Katherine D. Cann, Rutgers University
USGCRP Coordinators: Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Joshua Hernandez, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 22: Southeast

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Steven G. McNulty, USDA Forest Service
Chapter Lead: Jeremy S. Hoffman, Groundwork USA
Chapter Authors: Claudia Brown, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Kathie D. Dello, North Carolina State University, State Climate Office of North Carolina; Pamela N. Knox, University of Georgia; Aranzazu Lascurain, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Carl Mickalonis, Federal Emergency Management Agency; Gary T. Mitchum, University of South Florida, College of Marine Science; Louie Rivers III, US Environmental Protection Agency; Marie Schaefer, US Geological Survey, Southeast Climate Adaptation Science Center; Gavin P. Smith, North Carolina State University; Janey Smith Camp, Vanderbilt University; Kimberly M. Wood, Mississippi State University
Technical Contributors: William D. Bryan, Southeast Energy Efficiency Alliance; Ryan E. Emanuel, Duke University; Adam D. Griffith, North Carolina State University; Dionne L. Hoskins-Brown, NOAA Fisheries, Southeast Fisheries Science Center; Solomon Hsiang, University of California, Berkeley; Evan Mallen, Georgia Institute of Technology, Urban Climate Lab; Megan McLaughlin, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education; William Sweet, NOAA National Ocean Service; Peter E. Thornton, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Aaron van Donkelaar, Washington University in St. Louis
Review Editor: Tisha Joseph Holmes, Florida State University
USGCRP Coordinators: Joshua Hernandez, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Allyza R. Lustig, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 23: US Caribbean

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Lisamarie Carrubba, NOAA Fisheries, Office of Protected Resources
Chapter Leads: Pablo A. Méndez-Lazaro, University of Puerto Rico (June 2021–September 2022, April 2023 onward); Patricia Chardón-Maldonado, Caribbean Coastal Ocean Observing System (September 2022–April 2023)
Chapter Authors: Nora Álvarez-Berríos, USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry; Maritza Barreto, University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus, Graduate School of Planning; Jared H. Bowden, North Carolina State University; Patricia Chardón-Maldonado, Caribbean Coastal Ocean Observing System; Wanda I. Crespo-Acevedo, NOAA Climate Adaptation Partnerships Program–Puerto Rico/Lynker; Ernesto L. Diaz, Tetra Tech Inc.; Lloyd S. Gardner, Foundation for Development Planning Inc.; Grizelle Gonzalez, USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry; Gregory Guannel, University of the Virgin Islands; Zack Guido, University of Arizona, Arizona Institute for Resilience; Eric W. Harmsen, University of Puerto Rico, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering; Amanda J. Leinberger, University of Arizona, Center for Climate Adaptation Science and Solutions; Kathleen McGinley, USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry; Pablo A. Méndez-Lazaro, University of Puerto Rico; Ana P. Ortiz, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center; Roger S. Pulwarty, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; LaVerne E. Ragster, University of the Virgin Islands; Isabel C. Rivera-Collazo, University of California, San Diego; Ruth Santiago, Lawyer; Carlos Santos-Burgoa, George Washington University; Ingrid M. Vila-Biaggi, CAMBIO
Technical Contributors: Odalys Martínez-Sánchez, NOAA National Weather Service; Melissa Meléndez, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology; Kim Waddell, University of the Virgin Islands
Review Editor: Edna L. Negrón-Martínez, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus
USGCRP Coordinators: Fredric Lipschultz, US Global Change Research Program / USRA; Allyza R. Lustig, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 24: Midwest

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: John M. Baker, USDA Agricultural Research Service
Chapter Lead: Aaron B. Wilson, The Ohio State University, Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center
Chapter Authors: Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, USDA Agricultural Research Service; Jeffrey Andresen, Michigan State University; Jay A. Austin, University of Minnesota Duluth; Jeffrey S. Dukes, Carnegie Institution for Science; Elizabeth Gibbons, Farallon Strategies LLC; Brendalynn O. Hoppe, University of Minnesota Climate Adaptation Partnership; Olivia E. LeDee, US Geological Survey; James Noel, NOAA National Weather Service, Ohio River Forecast Center; Heidi A. Roop, University of Minnesota Climate Adaptation Partnership; Sara A. Smith, Oneida Nation and College of Menominee Nation; Dennis P. Todey, USDA Agricultural Research Service, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment; Ray Wolf, NOAA National Weather Service (retired); Jeffrey D. Wood, University of Missouri, School of Natural Resources
Technical Contributors: Sean Burkholder, University of Pennsylvania; Sean Cavanaugh, MITRE Corporation; Trent W. Ford, University of Illinois, Prairie Research Institute; Jennifer Richkus, MITRE Corporation
Review Editor: Thomas W. Bonnot, US Fish and Wildlife Service
USGCRP Coordinators: Samantha Basile, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Joshua Hernandez, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 25: Northern Great Plains

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Douglas R. Kluck, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
Chapter Lead: Corrine N. Knapp, University of Wyoming
Agency Chapter Lead: Glenn Guntenspergen, US Geological Survey
Chapter Authors: Marissa A. Ahlering, The Nature Conservancy; Nicole M. Aimone, Federal Emergency Management Agency; Aparna Bamzai-Dodson, US Geological Survey, North Central Climate Adaptation Science Center; Andrea Basche, University of Nebraska; Robert G. Byron, Montana Health Professionals for a Healthy Climate; Otakuye Conroy-Ben, Arizona State University; Mark N. Haggerty, Center for American Progress; Tonya R. Haigh, University of Nebraska; Carter Johnson, South Dakota State University; Barbara Mayes Boustead, NOAA National Weather Service; Nathaniel D. Mueller, Colorado State University; Jacqueline P. Ott, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; Ginger B. Paige, University of Wyoming; Karen R. Ryberg, US Geological Survey, Dakota Water Science Center; Gregor W. Schuurman, US National Park Service; Stefan G. Tangen, Great Plains Tribal Water Alliance, North Central Climate Adaptation Science Center
Technical Contributors: Cari Cullen, Center for Disaster Philanthropy; Avery W. Driscoll, Colorado State University; Syed Huq, Rosebud Sioux Tribe; Alison Long, The Nature Conservancy; Danika L. Mosher, Colorado State University, North Central Climate Adaptation Science Center; Kyle Nehring, University of Wyoming; Ruth Plenty Sweetgrass-She Kills, Nueta Hidatsa Sahnish College; Anthony J. Prenni, US National Park Service; Kelli F. Roemer, Montana State University; Kristin Smith, Headwaters Economics; Philimon D. Two Eagle, Rosebud Sioux Tribe
Review Editor: Alex Basaraba, Adaptation International
USGCRP Coordinators: Joshua Hernandez, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Allyza R. Lustig, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 26: Southern Great Plains

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Philip A. Fay, USDA Agricultural Research Service
Chapter Lead: Renee A. McPherson, University of Oklahoma, South Central Climate Adaptation Science Center
Chapter Authors: Susan G. Alvarez, City of Dallas, Texas; Darrian Bertrand, University of Oklahoma, Southern Climate Impacts Planning Program; Taylor L. Broadbent, South Central Climate Adaptation Science Center; Tianna Bruno, University of California, Berkeley; Ali Fares, Prairie View A&M University; Brian McCullough, Texas A&M University; Georgianne W. Moore, Georgia Southern University; Bee Moorhead, Texas Impact Foundation; Laura Patiño, City of Austin, Texas; Alexander "Sascha" Petersen, Adaptation International; Nicholas G. Smith, Texas Tech University; Jean L. Steiner, Kansas State University; April Taylor, Chickasaw Nation; Travis Warziniack, USDA Forest Service
Technical Contributors: Juan Pablo Carvallo, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Mark Junker, Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska; Gary McManus, Oklahoma Climatological Survey; Lauren E. Mullenbach, University of Oklahoma; John W. Nielsen-Gammon, Texas A&M University; John A. Quinlan, NOAA Fisheries, Southeast Fisheries Science Center; Adrienne M. Wootten, University of Oklahoma
Review Editor: Mark Shafer, University of Oklahoma
USGCRP Coordinators: Joshua Hernandez, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Reid A. Sherman, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Drew Story, US Global Change Research Program / ICF (through July 2022)

Chapter 27: Northwest

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Li Erikson, US Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Chapter Lead: Michael Chang, Cascadia Consulting Group
Chapter Authors: Kathleen Araújo, Boise State University, CAES Energy Policy Institute; Erica N. Asinas, University of Washington, Climate Impacts Group; Samantha Chisholm Hatfield, Oregon State University; Lisa G. Crozier, NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center; Erica Fleishman, Oregon State University; Ciarra S. Greene, Sapóoq'is Wíit'as Consulting; Eric E. Grossman, US Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center; Charles Luce, USDA Forest Service; Jayash Paudel, University of Oklahoma; Kirti Rajagopalan, Washington State University, Department of Biological Systems Engineering; Elise Rasmussen, Washington State Department of Health; Crystal Raymond, University of Washington, Climate Impacts Group; Julian J. Reyes, US Department of Agriculture; Vivek Shandas, Portland State University
Technical Contributors: Blane L. Bellerud, NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region; Su J. Kim, NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center; Angela Pietschmann, Cascadia Consulting Group
Review Editor: Kathryn McConnell, Brown University
USGCRP Coordinators: Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Samantha Basile, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Aaron M. Grade, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 28: Southwest

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Emile H. Elias, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Southwest Climate Hub
Chapter Lead: Dave D. White, Arizona State University
Agency Chapter Lead: Kathryn A. Thomas, US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center
Chapter Authors: Cristina E. Bradatan, US Census Bureau, International Programs Center; Mark W. Brunson, Utah State University, Department of Environment and Society; Ann Marie Chischilly, Northern Arizona University, Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals; Carolyn A.F. Enquist, US Geological Survey, Southwest Climate Adaptation Science Center; Leah R. Fisher, California Department of Transportation; Halley E. Froehlich, University of California, Santa Barbara; Elizabeth A. Koebele, University of Nevada, Reno; Michael Méndez, University of California, Irvine; Steven M. Ostoja, USDA Agricultural Research Service, California Climate Hub; Caitriana Steele, New Mexico State University; Jennifer K. Vanos, Arizona State University
Technical Contributors: Grace Di Cecco, Eagle Rock Analytics; Owen M. Doherty, Eagle Rock Analytics; Victoria L. Ford, Eagle Rock Analytics; Gerald C. Nelson, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign; Ashley Quay, unaffiliated; Scott Stephens, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management
Review Editor: Olivia T. Yip, San Jose State University
USGCRP Coordinators: Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Fredric Lipschultz, US Global Change Research Program / USRA

Chapter 29: Alaska

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Colleen Strawhacker, National Science Foundation
Chapter Lead: Henry P. Huntington, Ocean Conservancy
Agency Chapter Leads: Jeffrey Falke, US Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; Ellen M. Ward, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Chapter Authors: Linda Behnken, Alaska Longline Fishermen's Association; Tracie N. Curry, Northern Social-Environmental Research; Adelheid C. Herrmann, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Center for Climate Assessment and Policy; Cana Uluak Itchuaqiyaq, Virginia Tech; Jeremy S. Littell, US Geological Survey, Alaska Climate Adaptation Science Center; Elizabeth A. Logerwell, NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Science Center; Danielle Meeker, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Center for Climate Assessment and Policy; Jacquelyn R. Overbeck, State of Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (through July 2022); Darcy L. Peter, Alaska Conservation Foundation; Rebecca Pincus, Woodrow Wilson Center, Polar Institute; Alyssa A. Quintyne, The Alaska Center; Sarah F. Trainor, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Center for Climate Assessment and Policy; Sarah A. Yoder, Alaska Department of Health
Technical Contributors: Patricia Chambers, Ocean Conservancy; Willow M. Hetrick, Chugach Regional Resources Commission; Michelle Michaels, US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory; Patricia E. Nelsen, US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory; Erin Shew, Chugach Regional Resources Commission; Elena B. Sparrow, University of Alaska Fairbanks, International Arctic Research Center; Richard L. Thoman Jr., University of Alaska Fairbanks; Mark F. Turgeon, Department of Defense, Climate Action Team; Vanessa R. von Biela, US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center
Review Editor: Micah B. Hahn, University of Alaska Anchorage
USGCRP Coordinators: Fredric Lipschultz, US Global Change Research Program / USRA; Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 30: Hawai'i and US-Affiliated Pacific Islands

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Mari-Vaughn V. Johnson, US Geological Survey, Pacific Islands Climate Adaptation Science Center
Chapter Lead: Abby G. Frazier, Clark University, Graduate School of Geography
Chapter Authors: Lucas Berio Fortini, US Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center; Christian P. Giardina, USDA Forest Service, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry; Zena N. Grecni, Arizona State University, Pacific Research on Island Solutions for Adaptation (RISA); Haunani H. Kane, Arizona State University; Victoria W. Keener, Arizona State University, Pacific Research on Island Solutions for Adaptation (RISA); Romina King, University of Guam, Pacific Islands Climate Adaptation Science Center; Richard A. MacKenzie, USDA Forest Service, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry; Malia Nobrega-Olivera, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Hawaiʻinuiākea School of Hawaiian Knowledge; Kirsten L. L Oleson, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management; Christopher K. Shuler, University of Hawaiʻi, Water Resources Research Center; Ann K. Singeo, Ebiil Society; Curt D. Storlazzi, US Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center; Richard J. Wallsgrove, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, William S. Richardson School of Law; Phoebe A. Woodworth-Jefcoats, NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center
Technical Contributors: Malia K. H. Akutagawa, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Hawaiʻinuiākea School of Hawaiian Knowledge; Rosanna A. Alegado, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa; Kristen C. Alkins, US Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center; Marie Auyong, NOAA Office for Coastal Management; John I. Borja, University of Guam, Pacific Islands Climate Adaptation Science Center; Laura Brewington, Arizona State University; Jeff Burgett, US Fish and Wildlife Service; Janice E. Castro, NOAA Office for Coastal Management; Sandra P. Chang, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa; Patrick L. Colin, Coral Reef Research Foundation; Catherine A. Courtney, Tetra Tech Inc.; Laxmikant Dhage, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa; Diana Felton, Hawaiʻi Department of Health; Patricia Fifita, Oregon State University; L. Kealoha Fox, Institute for Climate and Peace; Kathleen S. Friday, USDA Forest Service; Scott J. Glenn, Hawaiʻi State Energy Office; Rodney L. Itaki, Pohnpei Department of Health & Social Services; L. Alex Kahl, NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Islands Regional Office; Heather Kerkering, US Geological Survey, Pacific Islands Climate Adaptation Science Center; Elizabeth Kiefer, University of Hawaiʻi, John A. Burns School of Medicine; Kelli A. Kokame, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, John A. Burns School of Medicine; Natalie Kurashima, Kamehameha Schools; Dennis A. LaPointe, US Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center; Scott Laursen, Pacific Islands Climate Adaptation Science Center; Carlotta A. Leon Guerrero, Office of the Governor of Guam; Roseo Marquez, Micronesia Conservation Trust; Stephen E. Miller, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office; Tomoaki Miura, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa; Kanoe Morishige, NOAA Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument; Michael Parke, NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center; Elliott W. Parsons, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Sea Grant College Program; Kalani Quiocho Jr., NOAA National Ocean Service, Office of National Marine Sanctuaries; Laurie J. Raymundo, University of Guam Marine Laboratory; Nicole Read, Duke University; Bradley M. Romine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Pacific Islands Climate Adaptation Science Center; Clay Trauernicht, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management; Yinphan Tsang, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management; Colette C.C. Wabnitz, University of British Columbia, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries; Matthew J. Widlansky, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology; Myeong-Ho Chris Yeo, University of Guam, Water and Environmental Research Institute
Review Editor: Carolyn V. Balk, Federal Emergency Management Agency
USGCRP Coordinators: Allyza R. Lustig, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 31: Adaptation

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Travis A. Dahl, US Army Corps of Engineers
Chapter Lead: Emily Wasley, WSP
Agency Chapter Lead: Caitlin F. Simpson, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Chapter Authors: Laura West Fischer, Electric Power Research Institute; Jennifer F. Helgeson, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Melissa A. Kenney, University of Minnesota, Institute on the Environment; Adam Parris, ICF; A. R. Siders, University of Delaware, Biden School of Public Policy and Administration; Eric Tate, University of Iowa; Nicola Ulibarri, University of California, Irvine
Technical Contributors: Samuel J. Capasso III, Federal Emergency Management Agency; Shailee Desai, University of Massachusetts Boston; Tess Doeffinger, University of Delaware, Disaster Research Center; Carolyn A.F. Enquist, US Geological Survey, Southwest Climate Adaptation Science Center; Elisabeth Gilmore, Carleton University; Sharon Hausam, South Central Climate Adaptation Science Center; Jacqueline Patterson, The Chisholm Legacy Project; Morgan Richmond, Climate Policy Initiative; Daniel Rizza, Climate Central; Elizaveta Sukhinenko, WSP; Stacy A. Swann, Climate Finance Advisors, a Member of WSP; Bella Tonkonogy, Climate Policy Initiative; Art von Lehe, US Environmental Protection Agency
Review Editor: Josh Sawislak, Deloitte Consulting LLP
USGCRP Coordinators: Joshua Hernandez, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Reid A. Sherman, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Chapter 32: Mitigation

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Rebecca S. Dodder, US Environmental Protection Agency
Chapter Lead: Steven J. Davis, University of California, Irvine
Agency Chapter Lead: David D. Turner, NOAA Global Systems Laboratory
Chapter Authors: Ines M.L Azevedo, Stanford University; Morgan Bazilian, Colorado School of Mines; John Bistline, Electric Power Research Institute; Sanya Carley, Indiana University; Christopher T. M. Clack, Vibrant Clean Energy LLC; Joseph E. Fargione, The Nature Conservancy; Emily Grubert, University of Notre Dame; Jason Hill, University of Minnesota; Adrienne L. Hollis, Hollis Environmental Consulting; Alan Jenn, University of California, Davis; Ryan A. Jones, Evolved Energy Research; Eric Masanet, University of California, Santa Barbara; Erin N. Mayfield, Dartmouth College; Matteo Muratori, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Wei Peng, The Pennsylvania State University; Brittany C. Sellers, City of Orlando, Florida
Technical Contributors: Jacques de Chalendar, Stanford University; Julianne DeAngelo, University of California, Irvine; Huilin Luo, The Pennsylvania State University; Tyler H. Ruggles, Carnegie Institution for Science; Jaxon Z. Stuhr, University of California, Santa Barbara
Review Editor: Michael Westphal, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
USGCRP Coordinators: Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Reid A. Sherman, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Focus on Compound Events

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Allison R. Crimmins, US Global Change Research Program
Chapter Lead: Deepti Singh, Washington State University Vancouver
Chapter Authors
Technical Contributors: Justin M. Pflug, University of Maryland, College Park, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center; Patrick L. Barnard, US Geological Survey; Jennifer F. Helgeson, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Andrew Hoell, NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory; Fayola H. Jacobs, University of Minnesota; Michael G. Jacox, NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center and NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory; Alessandra Jerolleman, Jacksonville State University; Michael F. Wehner, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Review Editor: Alton P. Williams, University of California, Los Angeles
USGCRP Coordinators: Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Focus on Western Wildfires

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Allison R. Crimmins, US Global Change Research Program
Chapter Lead: Steven M. Ostoja, USDA Agricultural Research Service, California Climate Hub
Chapter Authors
Technical Contributors: Robert G. Byron, Montana Health Professionals for a Healthy Climate; Amy E. East, US Geological Survey; Michael Méndez, University of California, Irvine; Susan M. O'Neill, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station; David L. Peterson, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station; Jeffrey R. Pierce, Colorado State University; Crystal Raymond, University of Washington, Climate Impacts Group; Aradhna Tripati, University of California, Los Angeles; Ambarish Vaidyanathan, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Review Editor: Ellen M. Considine, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics
USGCRP Coordinators: Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Focus on COVID-19 and Climate Change

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Allison R. Crimmins, US Global Change Research Program
Chapter Lead: Kacey C. Ernst, University of Arizona
Chapter Authors
Technical Contributors: Susan Anenberg, George Washington University; Mary H. Hayden, University of Colorado, Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience; Brendalynn O. Hoppe, University of Minnesota Climate Adaptation Partnership; Loretta J. Mickley, Harvard University; Dannele E. Peck, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Northern Plains Climate Hub; Heather J. Tanana, University of Utah, S.J. Quinney College of Law; J. Jason West, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Review Editor: Mark M. Shimamoto, American Geophysical Union
USGCRP Coordinators: Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Focus on Risks to Supply Chains

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Allison R. Crimmins, US Global Change Research Program
Chapter Lead: Ann Kosmal, US General Services Administration
Chapter Authors
Technical Contributors: Francisco J. Dóñez, US Environmental Protection Agency; Laura West Fischer, Electric Power Research Institute; Juliette Finzi Hart, Pathways Climate Institute; David L. Hoover, USDA Agricultural Research Service; Beverly A. Scott, Introducing Youth to American Infrastructure; Lawrence I. Sperling, US Department of the Interior
Review Editor: Crystal Romeo Upperman, Deloitte Consulting LLP
USGCRP Coordinators: Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Focus on Blue Carbon

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Allison R. Crimmins, US Global Change Research Program
Chapter Lead: Christine L. May, Pathways Climate Institute
Chapter Authors
Technical Contributors: Sarah R. Cooley, Ocean Conservancy; Erica Fleishman, Oregon State University; Eric E. Grossman, US Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center; Brian Helmuth, Northeastern University; Richard A. MacKenzie, USDA Forest Service, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry; Daisy R. Ramirez Lopez, Pathways Climate Institute; Emily Wasley, WSP
Review Editor: Lucila J. Houttuijn Bloemendaal, Boston University, Department of Earth and Environment
USGCRP Coordinators: Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Appendix 1: Assessment Development Process

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Allison R. Crimmins, US Global Change Research Program
Chapter Lead: Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF
Chapter Authors: Samantha Basile, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Allyza R. Lustig, US Global Change Research Program / ICF
Review Editor: Therese S. Carter, George Washington University

Appendix 2: Information Quality

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: David R. Easterling, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
Chapter Lead: Sarah M. Champion, North Carolina State University
Chapter Authors: Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Allison R. Crimmins, US Global Change Research Program; Brooke C. Stewart, North Carolina State University
Review Editor: Therese S. Carter, George Washington University

Appendix 3: Scenarios and Datasets

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Allison R. Crimmins, US Global Change Research Program
Chapter Lead: Samantha Basile, US Global Change Research Program / ICF
Chapter Authors: Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Benjamin D. Hamlington, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Kenneth E. Kunkel, North Carolina State University
Review Editor: Donald J. Wuebbles, University of Illinois

Appendix 4: Indicators

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Michael Kolian, US Department of Energy
Chapter Lead: Laura E. Stevens, North Carolina State University
Chapter Authors: Derek Arndt, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information; Jessica Blunden, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information; Erik W. Johnson, USDA Forest Service, Office of Sustainability and Climate; Ann Y. Liu, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/Kelly Government Solutions; Sheri Spiegal, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Jornada Experimental Range
Technical Contributors: Rebecca L. Achey, University of Colorado; Seth Bogle, USDA Forest Service, Geospatial Technology and Applications Center; Boyin Huang, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information; Willem Klajbor, University of Miami, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies; Jennifer Lecker, USDA Forest Service; AnnaClaire Marley, Eastern Research Group Inc.; Miranda H. Mockrin, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station; Matthew C. Reeves, USDA Forest Service; Jared Rennie, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information; William L. Royer, USDA Forest Service; Hua Shi, US Geological Survey, Earth Resources Observation and Science Center/ASRC Federal Data Solutions; William Sweet, NOAA National Ocean Service; Russell S. Vose, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information; Steven E. Yochum,, USDA Forest Service, National Stream and Aquatic Ecology Center
Review Editor: Azar M. Abadi, University of Alabama at Birmingham
USGCRP Coordinators: Leo Goldsmith, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Appendix 5: Glossary

Federal Coordinating Lead Author: Allison R. Crimmins, US Global Change Research Program
Chapter Lead: Aaron M. Grade, US Global Change Research Program / ICF
Chapter Authors: Samantha Basile, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Mark R. Essig, North Carolina State University; Leo Goldsmith, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Allyza R. Lustig, US Global Change Research Program / ICF; Thomas K. Maycock, North Carolina State University; Andrea McCarrick, North Carolina State University; Austin A. Scheetz, US Global Change Research Program / ICF
Technical Contributors: Jesse Keenan, Tulane University; Ann Kosmal, US General Services Administration; Audrey L. Magnuson, ICF; Molly Rickles, ICF; A. R. Siders, University of Delaware, Biden School of Public Policy and Administration
USGCRP Coordinators: Christopher W. Avery, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

David R. Easterling, Technical Support Unit Director, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)

Kenneth E. Kunkel, Lead Scientist, North Carolina State University

Sara W. Veasey, NCEI Visual Communications Team Lead, NOAA NCEI

Brooke C. Stewart, Managing Editor and Lead Science Editor, North Carolina State University (through July 2023)

Thomas K. Maycock, Senior Science Editor, North Carolina State University

Jessicca Allen, Visual Communications Specialist and Lead Graphic Designer, North Carolina State University

Barbara Ambrose, Visual Communications Specialist, Mississippi State University, Northern Gulf Institute

Rocky Bilotta, Physical Scientist, NOAA NCEI

Amy V. Camper, Visual Communications Specialist, Innovative Consulting and Management Services LLC

Linda B. Copley, Software Engineer, North Carolina State University (through June 2023)

Ryan Cox, Web Developer, North Carolina State University

Jacquelyn Crossman, NOAA NCEI Librarian, MPF-ZAI

Mark R. Essig, Scientific Technical Editor, North Carolina State University

Bridgette O. Haley, Visual Communications Specialist, NOAA NCEI

Katharine M. Johnson, Web Developer and GIS Specialist, North Carolina State University

April D. Lamb, Editor, Visual Communications and Metadata Specialist, North Carolina State University

Ciara R. Lemery, Senior Editorial Specialist and Figure Coordinator, US Global Change Research Program / ICF

Angel Li, Web Developer, North Carolina State University

Liz Love-Brotak, Visual Communications Specialist, NOAA NCEI

Andrea McCarrick, Scientific Technical Editor, North Carolina State University

Laura Ohlmann, Communications Specialist, Innovative Consulting and Management Services LLC

Deborah B. Riddle, Visual Communications Specialist, NOAA NCEI

Laura E. Stevens, Research Scientist, North Carolina State University

Liqiang Sun, Research Scientist, North Carolina State University

Xia Sun, Climate Data Analyst, North Carolina State University

Xiangdong Zhang, Senior Scientist, North Carolina State University

Sarah M. Champion, Data Architect and Lead Information Quality Analyst, North Carolina State University (through December 2022)

Deborah Misch, Visual Communications Specialist (through August 2022)

UNC Asheville's National Environmental Modeling and Analysis Center (NEMAC)

Karin Rogers, Director and Research Scientist

Matthew Geiger, Software Developer

Ian Johnson, GIS Analyst and Science Communications Associate

Jeff Bliss, Principal Software Developer

Ashlyn Shore, Science Editor

Department of Commerce / National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

As part of the NCA5 process, an independent validation was conducted of the two statistically downscaled climate data products used in the NCA5 report. The goal was to assess consistency among these products under a suite of metrics and diagnostics, and to inform the careful use of these data products in decision-making. In general, the two products were found to be largely consistent with each other. The minor differences between products are attributed to climate variability, downscaling methodology and observational uncertainty. The full report, Validation of LOCA2 and STAR-ESDM Statistically Downscaled Products, also provides recommendations to users. The research was funded by DOE’s Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Earth and Environmental Systems Sciences Division and is available here.

Alfredo Aretxabaleta, US Geological Survey

Maritza Barreto, University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus, Graduate School of Planning

Carlos Calvo Hernandez, RAND Corporation

Lisamarie Carrubba, NOAA Fisheries, Office of Protected Resources

Juan Pablo Carvallo, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Patricia Chardón-Maldonado, Caribbean Coastal Ocean Observing System

Wanda I. Crespo Acevedo, NOAA Climate Adaptation Partnerships Program–Puerto Rico/Lynker

Roberto Delgado, National Science Foundation

Maria Diuk-Wasser, Columbia University

Rebecca Dodder, US Environmental Protection Agency

Ana Paula Pohl Duarte, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Alba Rocio Gutierrez Garzon, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture